Topological Qubits

Four Roads to a Fault-Tolerant Quantum Computer: Superconducting, Trapped-Ion, Photonic, and Topological Qubits Compared

This article compares four leading quantum computing hardware approaches: superconducting, trapped-ion, photonic, and topological qubits. Each modality presents unique trade-offs in speed, fidelity, and scalability, with no single technology currently excelling across all metrics.